Culinary Oils & Fats
Fat is the one ingredient a cuisine cannot substitute, and each region pressed or rendered whatever it had: olives in the Levant and Aegean from about 6000 BCE, sesame in the Indus valley, butter where cattle grazed, lard where pigs were kept, palm oil in West Africa. The choice was never a preference — it is a map of what grew and what could be herded.